What is a virus? Bacteria and certain protozoa are very. Viruses are NOT. cells and much smaller than bacteria and damage the cells in which. Viruses replicate by invading a. The virus 'invaded' cell then. The cell damage makes you feel. Knowledge of the structure of bacteria and viruses is. Fungi are also pathogens. The body has different. Physical protection from. Your skin and hairs and mucous. The whole of the respiratory tract from the nasal passage, down. The mucous traps dust and. Skin in good condition acts as a. When a cut in the skin occurs. ![]() ![]() The greater the concentration of platelets. Chemical protection by. Dynapharm Africa is affiliate of Dynapharm International Phil's, Inc. Kaplan’s clinical hypertension. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Stages of hypertension. ![]() The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), cavy or domestic guinea pig, or cuy for livestock breeds, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. Figure 2 Relationships between Changes in Diet and Physical Activity and Weight Changes within Each 4-Year Period in the Three Cohorts. In a multivariable-adjusted. Acidosis, the Cause of Many Chronic Diseases. Disease thrives in an acidic environment and cannot flourish in an alkaline metabolic environment in the Body. Just as resistant starch mania is running out of steam, we have a new magic nutrient ready to take it’s place. Let me guess: there’s a tribe in Africa. In tears our eyes produce a. Your stomach contains quite. What is an antitoxin? All invading cells have unique. When white cells encounter a. The antibodies produced are. One the 'blueprint' antibody is. A similar mechanism operates to. If a person becomes infected. In some cases, dead. If a large proportion of the population. Semmelweiss recognised the importance of. By insisting that doctors washed their hands. Some medicines, including painkillers, help to relieve. Antibiotics, including penicillin, are medicines that. What is an antibiotic? Antibiotics cannot be used. Antibiotics do not destroy. ![]() Viruses. make your own body cells reproduce the invasive virus and unfortunately. Antibiotics like. Different antibiotics attack. The use of antibiotics. However, overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics. You need to be aware that it is difficult to develop. Viruses are. notable for the rapidity with which they can mutate which makes it difficult. The reason being that changes in the virus (or. DNA leads to different gene expression in the form of different. The flue virus is a never. HT only: Understand that antibiotics kill individual pathogens of the. Individual resistant pathogens survive and. Examining the nature of dysbiosis in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients and effective remedial treatments. The latest infectious diseases, bacteria and viruses research from prestigious universities and journals throughout the world. How to Heal Your Digestive Problems Naturally. Ancient Wisdom and Modern Holistic Remedies for Improving Your Health. Now, antibiotics are not used to treat. The development of antibiotic- resistant strains of. People can be immunised against a disease by. What is a vaccine? Vaccination protects the. Protection is better than cure! Epidemics are less likely with mass vaccination. Without mass vaccination an outbreak of. Against: Some vaccines do. There may also be side- effects. There is a very small risk. Following a seaside accident, as. I collapsed unconscious after a tetanus injection at a. I was ok within half an hour BUT my parents got a bit of a. Details of vaccination schedules and side effects. Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are. For this: Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised. Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms. The lid of the Petri dish should be secured with. In school and college laboratories, cultures should. Hypertension (HPN) Nursing Care Plan. Hypertension, widely known as high blood pressure, has been seen to cause 7. World Health Organization. This also responsible for the 5. Definition Blood pressure greater than 1. Conceptual definition: the level of blood pressure in which the benefits of action exceeds the risk and costs of inaction. Factors involved in the conceptual definition of hypertension. Action. Benefits. Risks and costs. Action. Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, debility, and death. Decrease monetary cost of catastrophic events. Assume psychological burdens of “the hypertensive patient”. Interfere with quality of life. Require change in lifestyle. Add risk side effects from therapy. Add monetary cost of health care. Inaction Preserve “non- patient” role Maintain current lifestyle and quality of life. Avoid risk and side effects of therapy. Avoid monetary costs of health care. Increase risk of cardiovascular disease, debility, and death. Increase monetary cost of catastrophic events. Source: Kaplan, N. Kaplan’s clinical hypertension. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Stages of hypertension. Normal: systolic . Occasional blood pressure could be high, but then, the elevation is not constant. Usually between the ages of 3. Frequent occurrence of high blood pressure, but the period of normal blood pressure still follow. This may last for 5 to 1. As early as 3. 0 years old, but is commonly at 5. Essential hypertension, which is a sustained high blood pressure but its cause can’t be determined. These people are also highly susceptible to early heart attacks and brain attacks. Past the age of 5. This stage is believed to be more likely secondary (brought about by other causes) high blood pressure. Sex – According to studies, boys are more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure than girls. In fact, starting at age 1. Circulation December 2. Canadian participants). However, after women reach the age of 5. This sudden change is brought about by the loss of estrogen through menopause or removal of ovaries. Ethnic background – More common among African Americans as compared to Caucasians (see. Prevalence). Family history/ Hereditary – High Blood pressure have a tendency to run in the family. However, researchers cannot still demarcate how and which part of the human genes re responsible for high blood pressure. In addition to this, heredity also affects one’s body weight, which implies that people who are closely related are likely to have similar degrees of obesity. Modifiable factors: less active, overweight/ obese, consumption of salty foods, stressful lifestyle, smoking, and drinking. Diagnostic studies. Hematocrit: not diagnostic but assesses relationship of cells to fluid volume (viscosity) and may indicate risk factors such as hypercoagulability, anemia. Blood urea nitrogen (bun)/creatinine: provides information about renal perfusion/function. Glucose: hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus is a precipitator of hypertension) may result from elevated catecholamine levels (increases hypertension). Serum potassium: hypokalemia may indicate the presence of primary aldosteronism (cause) or be a side effect of diuretic . Note: broad, notched p wave is one of the earliest signs of hypertensive heart disease. Treatment Medications: Thiazide diuretics – diuretics helps work by removing sodium and water, thus alleviating high blood pressure by reducing blood volume. Beta blockers – reduce blood pressure by diminishing the hearts workload and open the vessels. This will make the heart beats slower and less forceful. Salt and fluid retention contribute to increase blood pressure. Lifestyle Changes DASH Diet (healthier diet with less salt consumption)Quit smoking and limit alcohol drinking. Exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy weight or start reducing weight of overweight or obese. Nursing Priorities. Maintain/enhance cardiovascular functioning. Prevent complications. Provide information about disease process/prognosis and treatment regimen. Support active patient control of condition. Nursing diagnosis: Risk for Decreased Cardiac Output. Risk factors may include. Increased vascular resistance, vasoconstriction. Myocardial ischemia. Ventricular hypertrophy/rigidity. Possibly evidenced bynot applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual Desired outcomes/evaluation criteria—patient will: Participate in activities that reduce blood pressure/cardiac workload. Maintain blood pressure within individually acceptable range. Demonstrate stable cardiac rhythm and rate within patient’s normal range. Nursing Interventions. Rationale. Independent: Hemodynamic regulation. Monitor bp. Measure in both arms/thighs three times, 3–5 min apart while patient is at rest, then sitting, then standing for initial evaluation. Use correct cuff size and accurate technique. Comparison of pressures provides a more complete picture of vascular involvement/scope of problem. Severe hypertension is classified in the adult as a diastolic pressure elevation to 1. Systolic hypertension also is an established risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease, when diastolic pressure is elevated. Note presence, quality of central and peripheral pulses. Bounding carotid, jugular, radial, and femoral pulses may be observed/palpated. Pulses in the legs/feet may be diminished, reflecting effects of vasoconstriction increased systemic vascular resistance and venous congestion. Auscultate heart tones and breath sounds. S4 heart sound is common in severely hypertensive patients because of the presence of atrial hypertrophy (increased atrial volume/pressure). Development of s. Presence of crackles, wheezes may indicate pulmonary congestion secondary to developing or chronic heart failure. Observe skin color, moisture, temperature, and capillary refill time. Presence of pallor; cool, moist skin; and delayed capillary refill time may be due to peripheral vasoconstriction or reflect cardiac decompensation/decreased output. Note dependent/general edema. May indicate heart failure, renal or vascular impairment. Provide calm, restful surroundings, minimize environmental activity/noise. Limit the number of visitors and length of stay. Helps reduce sympathetic stimulation; promotes relaxation. Maintain activity restrictions, e. Reduces physical stress and tension that affect blood pressure and the course of hypertension. Provide comfort measures, e. Decreases discomfort and may reduce sympathetic stimulation. Instruct in relaxation techniques, guided imagery, distractions. Can reduce stressful stimuli, produce calming effect, thereby reducing bp. Nursing Interventions. Rationale Independent. Monitor response to medications to control blood pressure. Response to drug therapy (usually consisting of several Drugs, including diuretics, angiotensin- converting enzyme . These diuretics potentiate the effects of other antihypertensive agents as well, by limiting fluid retention, and may reduce the incidence of strokes and heart failure. Loop diuretics, e. These drugs produce marked diuresis by inhibiting resorption of sodium and chloride and are effective antihypertensives, especially in patients who are resistant to thiazides or have renal impairment. Potassium- sparing diuretics, e. May be given in combination with a thiazide diuretic to minimize potassium loss. Alpha, beta, or centrally acting adrenergic antagonists, e. Beta- blockers may be ordered instead of diuretics for patients with ischemic heart disease; obese patients with cardiogenic hypertension; and patients with concurrent supraventricular arrhythmias, angina, or hypertensive cardiomyopathy. Specific actions of these drugs vary, but they generally reduce bp through the combined effect of decreased total peripheral resistance, reduced cardiac output, inhibited sympathetic activity, and suppression of renin release. Note: patients with diabetes should use corgard and visken with caution because they can prolong and mask the hypoglycemic effects of insulin. The elderly may require smaller doses because of the potential for bradycardia and hypotension. African- american patients tend to be less responsive to beta- blockers in general and may require increased dosage or use of another drug, e. Calcium channel antagonists, e. May be necessary to treat severe hypertension when a combination of a diuretic and a sympathetic inhibitor does not sufficiently control bp. Vasodilation of healthy cardiac vasculature and increased coronary blood flow are secondary benefits of vasodilator therapy. Adrenergic neuron blockers: guanadrel (hylorel); guanethidine (ismelin); reserpine (serpalan); Reduce arterial and venous constriction activity at the sympathetic nerve endings. Direct- acting oral vasodilators: hydralazine (apresoline); minoxidil (loniten)Action is to relax vascular smooth muscle, thereby reducing vascular resistance. Direct- acting parenteral vasodilators: diazoxide (hyperstat), nitroprusside (nitropress); labetalol (normodyne)These are given intravenously for management of hypertensive emergencies. Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ace) inhibitors, e. Angiotensin ii blockers, e. The use of an additional sympathetic inhibitor may be required for its cumulative effect when other measures have failed to control bp or when congestive heart failure (chf) or diabetes is present. Implement dietary sodium, fat, and cholesterol restrictions as indicated. These restrictions can help manage fluid retention and, with associated hypertensive response, decrease myocardial workload. Prepare for surgery when indicated. When hypertension is due to pheochromocytoma, removal of the tumor will correct condition. Nursing diagnosis: Activity Intolerance. May be related to. Generalized weakness. Imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Possibly evidenced by. Verbal report of fatigue or weakness. Abnormal heart rate or bp response to activity. Exertional discomfort or dyspnea. Electrocardiogram (ecg) changes reflecting ischemia; dysrhythmias.
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